A variety of cattle diseases may be encountered in the process of raising cattle. If you really want to talk about bovine foot-and-mouth disease, bovine infectious pleuropneumonia, bovine digestive tract diseases, bovine parasitic diseases, and bovine obstetric diseases, etc., there is one kind of cattle disease But it is often overlooked by everyone, that is, bovine limb and hoof disease. Because the symptoms of cattle hoof disease are relatively mild, the short-term impact on cattle is generally small, so we do not pay much attention to it. However, the harm of cattle limb and hoof disease is not small, long-term down can make the cattle farm benefit loss of up to 20% to 40%.

 

In the United States from 1991 to 1994, the incidence rate of cattle farms in California was 31%-89%. Many large pastures in China also have the occurrence of hoof wart disease. The pastures with high incidence of hoof wart disease account for 15-30% in lactating cattle and 20-30% in reserve cattle and young cattle. It is obviously contagious. Because of the sick cow's hoof pain, lameness, long-term hoof ball atrophy, hoof deformation, causing a decline in milk production, causing serious economic losses to the pasture.

 

In recent years, the pasture has gradually become standardized management. The four major diseases of dairy cows have changed from mastitis, reproductive disorders, limb and hoof diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases to three major diseases: limb and hoof diseases, reproductive disorders, and mastitis. Cow hoof health more and more attention by many pasture, for this reasonShandong Qingfeng Jubilee Hooves, using a new formula, extra-strong disinfection, to restore the profits caused by hoof disease in dairy farming.

 

Bovine limb and hoof disease includes but is not limited to bovine hoof rot disease, bovine hoof leaf inflammation, bovine hoof crack disease, bovine flexion tendinitis, bovine joint sprain, bovine arthritis, its variety is relatively wide, but the overall harm, etiology and prevention and treatment programs are more similar.

Limb hoof disease is a common disease of dairy cows in large-scale pastures. There are many causes of the disease, including management factors, such as bed rest management, manure management, barn ground management, hoof repair management; Environmental factors; Infectious factors; Nutritional metabolic problems; Genetic problems; Seasonal problems; Secondary disease problems, etc.

 

The relationship between 1. bed management and limb hoof disease and comfortable and reasonable management mode

Bed rest is an important place for cows to rest. Poor bed structure, insufficient bedding, and inability to maintain good comfort will lead to an increase in the incidence of limb and hoof disease.

(1) Bed structure

The distance from the sill to the chest board (tube) is generally 1.8 meters, and the total length of the bed is 2.75 meters. The bed height is 1.27 meters and the width is 1.22 meters. If the bed is too long, the cow is easy to lie forward, and the feces are arranged at the back of the bed. The bed is easy to be polluted. The mammary gland and hindquarters of the cow are soaked with feces, which is easy to cause mastitis. The length of the bed is less than 1.8 meters, and the cow cannot lie on the bed. One hind limb is often stretched behind the wall of the bed. The friction of the wall on the hind limb easily causes chronic inflammation of the synovitis.

(2) Bedding

Large pasture cows are bedded with bedding mattresses and rubber mattresses. Bed bedding includes biogas residue, sand, sawdust, rice husk, etc. The thickness of the bedding should be above 10cm, and the bedding should be as high as the wall behind the bed. Cows should have good comfort in bed, and should be kept soft, smooth, dry and hygienic. Comfortable bed, can make the cows go to bed rate of 100, so that the cows get full rest, milk production has been improved.

When the cows in the barn enter the milking parlor to milk, it is the best time to level the bed. The number of times of leveling the bed is at least once a day, and it is twice a day to get a good pasture.

 

Too little bedding is one of the reasons for the high incidence of limb and hoof disease in dairy cows. When the bedding material is lower than the ridge wall behind the bed, after the cow lies on the bed, the heel bone of the hind limb is located inside the ridge wall. The heel bone of the cow's hind limb is often collided and rubbed by the ridge wall, and the heel bone is often injured. Due to untimely treatment, infection and suppuration of heel bone, Achilles tendon tissue and tarsal joint are often caused.

Rubber pads are easy to age and harden. The aging and hardened rubber pads lose their elasticity. Cows lie on the aging rubber pads, and the joints of the limbs are subject to friction to cause chronic inflammation of the joints. The most common is chronic synovial bursitis of the two hind limbs. Because the rubber mat does not have water absorption, once the feces and urine are placed on the bed, it can lead to serious pollution of the mammary glands and hindquarters of cows. Therefore, it is also necessary to clean up feces and urine every day.

(3) Bed breast shield

The improper setting of the bed chest board is the main cause of contusion and sprain of the forelimb and ball joint of cows. Chest baffle plate is a baffle plate that restricts cows from lying on the front end of the bed. Its width is generally about 1.2 meters. There should be no gap or edges between the breast baffle plate and the bed floor. The bed bedding material should cover the chest plate to reduce the collision and friction of the chest plate on the wrist joint and ball joint of the cow's forelimb.

In order to reduce the damage of the breast board to the forelimb of the cow, the breast board can be replaced by a round plastic tube, and at the same time it is covered with bedding. Can greatly reduce the incidence of sprains and contusions of the forelimb joints.

 

2. manure management and limb and hoof disease and reasonable plan

Cow feces and urine are all discharged on the feces. If the number of times of cleaning the feces and urine on the feces is too small, the feces and urine will accumulate on the feces and urine, and the hoof of the cow will be soaked in the feces and urine.

The cow's hoof shell can absorb water and become soft. When the ground of the dung channel or the ground of the cow driving channel is uneven, and there are exposed lions or sharp objects on the ground, the hoof bottom is prone to contusion, causing bleeding of the hoof bottom dermis. Severe stab wounds at the hoof bottom cause infection and suppuration of the hoof bottom dermis. In addition, long-term accumulation of feces and urine on the dung, feces and urine decomposition to produce ammonia, cow's hoof shell on the dung produced by ammonia is sensitive, the hoof shell under the action of ammonia is easy to decompose, so that the hoof shell cutin soft, necrosis, decay, in the hoof bottom or hoof wall cavity, also known as hoof cutin erosion.

There should be anti-skid ditch (groove) on the ground of dung road. If the anti-skid ditch is too shallow or too wide, it will not play an anti-skid role. The ground is too slippery, cows are easy to slip, cows slip caused by limbs and waist damage easily lead to cows stand up difficult or unable to stand, resulting in a large number of eliminated cattle.

Previous limb and hoof disease, especially the steel wire on the scraper.

 

3. nutrition metabolism disorder and limb-and-hoof disease

The metabolic disorders caused by over-feeding of high-concentrate diets are increasing in dairy cows, mainly manifested as chronic rumen poisoning, which increases the incidence of hoof disease in dairy cows. In some pastures, the leftover feed of ginger lactating cows is fed to young cows, resulting in an increased incidence of lameness in young cows. In some pastures, lactating cows have red skin and hooves at the lower ends of their limbs, swollen hooves and hooves, and some have symptoms such as hoof deformation, all of which are manifestations of chronic ruminal acidosis. Rumen puncture is carried out on lactating cows, and rumen liquid is taken to determine the pH value of rumen. If the rumen pH value is below 5.5, it shows that the hoof disease of dairy cows is closely related to the nutritional metabolism disorder of dairy cows. Without adjusting the feed, the incidence rate of hoof disease of dairy cows cannot come down.

The flexion of the joints of newborn calves and the inability to stand up a few hours after birth are manifestations of congenital vitamin D deficiency.

Lactation calves lick the soil on the ground in bed, the advantage to eat bed bedding, leading to diarrhea or death of calves, which is also caused by nutritional metabolic diseases.

（1）Imbalance of calcium and phosphorus: The imbalance of calcium and phosphorus ratio in the diet, such as phosphorus deficiency and calcium deficiency, phosphorus more calcium less and phosphorus less calcium more, are easy to cause calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorders, and then lead to cattle foot disease.

（2）Zinc deficiencyZinc is an essential trace element in the growth of cattle, which is related to the health of the skin. However, the hoof is a derivative of the skin. Zinc deficiency in the diet will affect the keratosis of the hoof and is prone to hoof rot.

(3) vitamin D deficiency or decreased activity: vitamin D deficiency or decreased activity will cause calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorders, as well as cattle limb hoof disease.

(4) Unreasonable diet: Unreasonable diet, especially when a large number of silage, distiller's grains and concentrate are fed, will cause excessive gastric acid and secondary hoof leaf inflammation.

Shandong QingfengFocus on rumination

 

Qingman Global Livestock

Fengze World Breeding

 

for the welfare of animals

Raising benefits for aquaculture

 

4.limb and hoof diseaseof infectious factors

Some limb hoof diseases are caused by secondary bacterial infection after trauma. This hoof disease is called infectious hoof disease, such as suppuration of the dermis at the bottom of the hoof caused by trauma and infection at the bottom of the hoof. Some are infectious hoof diseases, the most common is hoof wart disease, which is usually the first disease of young cattle. When pregnant young cattle enter lactating cattle after childbirth, hoof wart bacteria are brought into lactating cattle sheds, causing the spread of hoof wart disease in lactating cattle.

Arthritis in calves is a common disease in calves, with infectious, nutritional metabolic and traumatic arthritis. Infectious arthritis of calves with mycoplasma, salmonella, streptococcal, coliform and pasteurellois arthritis. The cause of infectious arthritis in calves is often found in unsterilized colostrum or incompletely sterilized regular milk.

 

Hereditary factors of 5. limb and hoof disease

The heredity of hoof disease has been paid more and more attention by people. Different varieties, hoof disease susceptibility. Studies have shown that Dutch black and white dairy cows have the most incidence of hoof disease, followed by red and white flowers, and the United States and Canada have the least incidence of black and white dairy cows.

Some hoof diseases, such as finger (toe) between the proliferation, spiral deformation of hooves and hooves are hereditary. The spiral deformed hooves of cattle have abnormal growth at the tip of the cow's hoof and are spirally long upward. This is called the spiral toe, which is hereditary. Interphalangeal proliferation refers to a proliferation of two fingers, located in the middle of the interphalangeal, this hoof disease has obvious heredity; two hind limbs between the lateral toe deformation, there is heredity.

The color of the cow's hoof shell is different, mostly dark brown. Shoe shell color is different, its hard degree is not the same. The chocolate-colored hoof shell contains red pigment, which is the hardest one; the black-colored hoof shell contains melanin, which is also a relatively hard one; the sallow-colored hoof shell does not contain pigment, which is a kind of poor hardness. The incidence of hoof disease is higher. The hoof shell color is hereditary.

Large-scale pastures should put the breeding of dairy cows in an important position. Breeders should incorporate the structure of limb and hoof disease in dairy cows into the index of breeding selection. In production practice, dairy farms can improve the condition of the limbs and hooves of cattle by eliminating obvious limb and hoof defects, especially those cows and their offspring with severe hoof deformation and frequent lameness.

【Prevention] Cattle limb and hoof disease should be based on prevention.

1. It is necessary to reasonably match the diet. When feeding acidic diet or high-yield cattle diet, baking soda (50-150g a day for a cow) is added, moldy feed is not fed.

2, to improve the feeding environment, reduce the contact time of cattle hoof and manure. Clean up the cow dung and urine in time, keep the enclosure sanitary and properly ventilated.

3, to develop a practical hoof bath procedures, the use of Xifeng Da (organic hoof protection) to prevent the occurrence of this disease.

4. As hoof disease can occur in reserve cattle and young cattle at the earliest, it is necessary to regularly check whether the hoof of reserve cattle and young cattle has occurred. Once the disease occurs, in addition to actively cleaning the dung path and keeping the dung path clean and sanitary, the hoof of reserve cattle and young cattle should be bathed.

5. Regularly evaluate the moving condition of dairy cows to achieve early detection and early treatment.

6. Appropriately increase the amount of exercise and light time, and regularly trim the hoof.

[Treatment] Cow foot disease is more difficult to treat, often appear recurrent disease. The real cause of hoof disease should be found out, and then the corresponding treatment should be carried out. Clean up the putrefactive and purulent materials of cow limb and hoof disease in time, and use potassium permanganate or concentrated iodine tincture, or Xifengda (organic hoof protection) for disinfection treatment.

The common hoof wart disease can be treated by local use of antibiotics, chemical agents and surgery.

1, antibiotics with antibiotics treatment of hoof wart disease is a more general and very effective method. Topical spraying of tetracycline or oxytetracycline preparations has been reported to be effective in the treatment of this disease. Treatment, often local spray 1-3% tetracycline or oxytetracycline solution 10-30ml, once a day, contact treatment for 5-7 days. Long-term use of the same antibiotic can produce resistant strains, and two or more antibiotics can be used alternately.

2, disinfectant iodine preparation and peroxide disinfectant treatment of this disease, the effect is not very sure. Hoof wart disease is still based on the prevention and treatment of hoof kang.

3, surgical methods: for hoof wart larger can be removed. After surgical resection, sprinkle salicylic acid, sulfonamide, copper sulfate mixed powder (1:2:3 ratio), install compression bandage.