Winter comes, began to continue to cool. Especially in most parts of northern my country, after entering the "39" day, the temperature dropped to -10 ℃ -20 ℃, and some even reached about -30 ℃. Although cows are cold-resistant, breast management should be done well in the cold and windy winter to prevent frostbite on the nipples of cows. If the breasts are not carefully cared for, it is easy to cause frostbite on the nipples, resulting in serious consequences of production reduction or even extinction. For the northern scale farm, the cold winter is a huge challenge. Whether the milking parlor works well or not is directly related to the output and quality of milk. In particular, what should be said here is that in the milking parlor link, the manure cleaning and anti-skid road surface of the cattle driving passage and back passage from the cattle barn to the milking hall, the poor air circulation caused by the cold-proof and warm-keeping measures/facilities in the milking parlor, the cold stress of nipple disinfectant on the cows, and the reality that the post-medicine bath containing a large amount of water is facing freezing in the process of returning to the cow barn. This paper discusses some specific opinions on the management of winter milking parlors in large-scale pastures in the northern region for the reference of pastures and technicians.

Heating and ventilation of milking parlors in winter, 1.

1. Heating

Winter milking parlor heating measures are also very critical. There are two important measures for heating the milking parlor, one is to insulate the building. When milking cows will emit a lot of heat, if the insulation is done well, the heat can be well preserved, prevent the milking machine is frozen. In this way, when milking, you can rely on the cow body heat heating, do not need to use heating facilities. Two is the central heating or additional related heating equipment. During the winter heating period, large-scale pastures in the northern region can be heated centrally in the field to maintain the room temperature of the milking parlor. In case of bad weather, or continuous blizzard cooling, when the outside temperature is very low, heating equipment such as infrared, floor heating and even air conditioning can be used to warm up, increase the room temperature of the milking parlor, and give cows a comfortable milking environment.

2. Ventilation

Winter milking parlors mostly closed doors and windows, therefore, the installation of exhaust fans to remove indoor moisture is very important. It should be noted that the exhaust fan must be installed downwind of the milking parlor and exhaust directly to the outside. The installation position of the exhaust fan must be far away from the milk collection room, the area to be squeezed and the entrance of the office, so as not to discharge dirty air.

Cleaning and anti-skid of 2. cow passage

In the north, whether it is in the general cold area, or the alpine zone and the extremely cold zone, the cleanliness and anti-freezing of the milking passage are very important, but most dairy farms do not pay much attention to this point in the design, which is very important for the comfort of cows. The challenge is very big. If the manure is not cleaned up in time, it will not only lead to freezing, but also pollute the cow's hoof and hind limbs, thus affecting the hygienic condition of cow's udder. Therefore, a ceiling should be established for the cow passage to remove feces in time. In case of continuous snowfall, the passage should be sprinkled with some anti-skid sand or slag to prevent the cow from falling down when walking.

3. heating and ventilation in areas to be squeezed

When the outdoor temperature is particularly low, the area to be squeezed also needs to be closed and heated to prevent the ground in the area to be squeezed from freezing and the cows from slipping and falling. The excrement discharged from the cows in the milking area shall be removed in time to ensure that the milking area is clean, dry and hygienic. After the crowded area is closed, it is necessary to do a good job of ventilation. The purpose of ventilation in the milking area is mainly to remove the moisture emitted by the cows. Under natural ventilation conditions, rely on ridge openings and cornices for exhaust. If fan assisted ventilation is used, positive pressure ventilation is used to avoid pumping dirty air into the area where the milking machine is located.

Maintenance and optimization of 4. milking equipment

Equipment maintenance and optimization is important all year round, but it is especially important to ensure the normal operation of equipment throughout the winter before the onset of winter. Because once the equipment has problems in winter, the cold environment has a great impact on the technicians. And in the annual Spring Festival, there will be a large number of personnel to arrange rest, which will increase the difficulty of equipment maintenance and repair. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the equipment parameter settings of the milking parlor are optimal for the current output of the herd, including the setting of milk liner, vacuum and pulsation parameters that are too low or too high will stress the teat and worsen the condition of the teat end. To adjust the cup removal flow rate, setting the cup removal flow rate too low will prolong the cup time and cause excessive pressure at the end of the nipple (vacuum pressure increases during low flow rates).

In short, the milking parlor must evaluate and optimize the system parameter settings before the winter to ensure the safe, normal and efficient operation of the equipment.

5. improve the technical level of milking parlor operators

1. All operators of mechanical milking must be trained in theory and operation technology. They are required to master the basic knowledge, understand the principle of operation and be able to operate skillfully. They are not allowed to work without training.

2. Milkmen must master the behavioral science of cows, the physiology of lactation, the characteristics of milk and the feeding of cows, and must also be able to milk by hand. The milking technology is more beneficial to the use of machinery.

3. In addition to his own professional skills, the maintenance worker must be required to be able to milk, master the relevant knowledge of milk, and know how to raise cows. Otherwise, he will not be able to cooperate with the milker and be competent for the maintenance work.

4. To strengthen the daily management of milkmen, milkmen are required to pay attention to personal hygiene. They must often trim their nails, wear work clothes, hats and masks. Milkmen should have regular health checks, and people suffering from infectious diseases should not work in cattle houses, let alone milking. Milkmen should remain relatively stable.

5. Develop incentive mechanisms. Equipped with a set of effective inspection and reward and punishment system, and signed a letter of responsibility with the staff of the milking parlor to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all employees of the milking parlor.

1. Keep the milking parlor quiet environment, gentle treatment of cattle

In the process of milking, due to the stimulation of nerve endings in the nipple, the pituitary gland releases oxytocin, which can promote the excretion of milk. If the cow is frightened by rough treatment or loud scolding before milking, the cow will release adrenaline, which inhibits the release of oxytocin, making the milk discharge incomplete and affecting milk production.

2, clean the nipples

The purpose of cleaning the nipple is to stimulate the nipple and promote the excretion of milk. The second is to get clean milk. There are three processes for cleaning nipples: rinsing, drying and massaging. Leaching should be careful not to wash the area is too large, especially in winter leaching area can not be large, because the area is too large will make the upper part of the breast with the water flow, concentrated to the nipple, so that the nipple frostbite or infection opportunities increase. Wipe dry with a clean towel or paper towel after washing. Pay attention to a cow with a towel or a piece of paper. Wash and disinfect the towel after use. Then massage the breast, prompting the release of milk. This process should be gentle and fast, and strive to be completed within 15s-25s. Special recommendation: breast is relatively clean, can not wash, but can not massage.

3. discard the first 3 milk

This has the following effects: it can enable milking workers to find abnormal milk and clinical mastitis in time; Discard milk containing high bacterial count from milk ducts to improve milk quality; Provide a strong milk release stimulation. This step can be carried out before or after the nipple is cleaned. It is recommended to wash the nipple before, because this can give the cow a strong milk stimulation early. Waste milk should be packed in special containers and not squeezed on the cow bed to reduce environmental pollution.

4. Medicine bath for nipples before milking

Soak the nipples with disinfectant liquid before milking, stay for 30s, and then dry them with paper towel or towel. It is necessary to implement this procedure in cattle farms with poor sanitation or mastitis caused by environmental problems. The recommend procedure of nipple medicine bath is as follows: take off the sundries such as bedding grass on the nipple by hand; Discard the first 3 milk of each nipple; Take medicine bath for each nipple; Wait for 30s; Dry. If the nipples are very dirty, they should be washed with water before taking a medicine bath. Use of state-registered medicated baths with verified bactericidal efficacy before milking in winter(such as Sinofu membranemedicine bath before foaming,Lactic acidAntivirus, bactericidal effect is more significant, wide coverage, its lactic acid, lanolin multiple skin care is not dry and cracked, can efficiently nourish nipple skin).Try to minimize the use of water on the nipples, as this will exacerbate the cold. Minimize irritation and trauma, gently dry damaged, cracked nipples, avoid rubbing. Good hygiene practices, such as the use of gloves and separate towels, should be in place. Before milking, the teats should be fully dried.

medicine bath before foaming

5. Milking

Be sure to use the milking device correctly and observe whether the milking device is working properly. Abnormal operation of the machine will cause incomplete milk release or damage to the breast.

6, after milking medicine bath nipple

15min after milking, the nipple ring sphincter can restore contraction function and close the nipple hole. Within the 15min, the open nipple hole is vulnerable to environmental pathogens. Timely medicine bath, so that the disinfectant attached to the nipple to form a protective film, can greatly reduce the incidence of mastitis.(e. g.sinol mucosa, pure natural film-forming medicated bath has good air permeability effect, prevents bacterial invasion, reduces somatic cell count, has special effect on nipple chapped, contains organic acid, and has convergent effect on nipple sphincter. Generally, nipple chapped can be improved for about 10 days, thus enhancing nipple elasticity, especially suitable for winter, not chapped and frozen.)

medicated bath after film formation

7, the use of winter medicine bath

The use of a post-drug bath with increased levels of emollients is extremely important to protect, heal and soften the nipple skin during colder weather and during harsh winter conditions. During periods of extreme cold, it is best to use a dedicated post-nipple medicine bath. Because there are glycerin, lanolin, aloe and so on in the nipple medicine bath. In this case, the use of a special medicine bath has a good protective effect on the breast. It can be protected from drying, nail cracking or frostbite due to bad weather, so that the health of the nipple is protected. Avoid placing cows that have just finished a medicated bath directly in a severe cold environment after milking. Allow enough time for the bath to dry. If it is unavoidable, try to take measures to prevent the bath from freezing on the nipples, or take other measures, such as using disposable paper towels or clean towels to wipe off excess disinfectant.

8, do a good job in the prevention of mastitis

In winter, especially after continuous snowfall, the sudden drop of temperature and the damage of nipple skin/nipple end are the main factors causing mastitis. Therefore, a winter nipple care program is established to prevent problems before they occur, and to ensure that the nipple of the herd is kept healthy and high-quality raw milk is produced throughout the winter.

Prevention and treatment of 7. breast frostbite

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1. Prevention of breast frostbite

(1) In winter, heat preservation houses should be built to prevent cold wind from entering. Before the advent of severe weather such as snowstorms, it is necessary to do a good job in preventing cold and heat preservation of the cowshed. The windward side of the cowshed is to choose roller blinds, inflatable membrane heat preservation walls and plastic steel windows for wind prevention and heat preservation, while natural ventilation is the main ventilation. In the northern region, cattle houses with semi-open or sports fields should not only be closed with plastic film, but also need to hang straw curtains or quilts at night, and lift the curtains and open the film during the day to prevent cold wind from invading.

(2) Try not to put it into the sports field or stay in the snow for too long in heavy snow days to avoid frostbite nipples and limbs.

(3) strengthen the care of the breast. Can strengthen the massage and application of antifreeze ointment.

(4) the cold season to strengthen the protection of cattle, regardless of grazing or sports, can be vulnerable to frostbite in the peripheral parts such as ears, breasts, nipples and other coated with vaseline protection. For lactating cows and dry milk cows, it is best to wear a cotton bra, the effect is excellent.

2. Treatment of breast frostbite

If breast frostbite is found, it is changed to manual milking. After milking, the nipple is smeared with frostbite ointment or iodine glycerin or erythromycin ointment. It is not necessary to use antibiotics all over the body, and it will heal in about 10 days. If the nipple epidermis falls off, apply iodine glycerin or erythromycin ointment directly to the wound. Do not milk with a machine. Use a milk guide needle to guide the milk. Use a machine to milk after the new epidermis of the nipple is normal. For concurrent clinical mastitis, antibiotics are injected into the milk area. If it recurs, it should be suspected that it is a drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, and it should be eliminated in time to avoid infection to other cattle. If frostbite is severe, use antibacterial therapy to prevent necrosis from causing infection, and actively symptomatic treatment according to the degree of frostbite. (Wei Shi Ninghua Yang Liping Xu Fengxia Liu Zhuqing Fan Chunmei transferred from Cow Alliance)