The perinatal period is the most critical stage in the production cycle of dairy cows, that is, 21 days before delivery to 21 days after delivery, 21 days before delivery is the pre-perinatal period of dairy cows, and 21 days after delivery is the late perinatal period. The feeding and management of dairy cows during the perinatal period directly determines the milk yield, fresh milk quality, reproductive performance and the service life of dairy cows. If there is a lack of scientific feeding management and postpartum monitoring at this time, it will not only reduce the milk yield and milk quality of dairy cows, but also easily induce mastitis, afterbirth retention, ketosis and other metabolic disorders, and even reduce the survival rate of newborn calves. Therefore, the level of perinatal feeding and management of dairy cows has an important impact on the breeding income of the whole dairy farm.

Roughage is the main diet of dairy cows during the dry milk period, and concentrated feed is the main diet after delivery. In order to complete this transition, it is necessary to promote the recovery of rumen function. If the transition work is not successfully completed in the early perinatal period, the rumen cannot effectively absorb the volatile fatty acids in the feed, and the risk of acidosis in dairy cows will be greatly increased.

Improve the level of dietary nutrition: perinatal period is the last stage of fetal growth, fetal development speed, cows themselves in addition to childbirth, but also to prepare for lactation. Because the feed intake of dairy cows will decline before delivery, it is necessary to improve the nutritional level of perinatal diet, improve the supply of protein in the diet, and reduce the occurrence of postpartum ketosis in dairy cows. At the same time, it is necessary to improve the energy intake to prevent the cows from being weak during childbirth, unable to give birth naturally, or unable to discharge the placenta normally due to the stimulation of childbirth stress, resulting in diseases such as the lack of placenta.Shandong QingfengRocky Lick Brick Mineral Lick BrickCattle and sheep licking brick

Appropriate addition of minerals: In order to prevent hypocalcemia in dairy cows, it is necessary to increase the content of calcium in the diet of dairy cows to promote the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus content at normal levels. In addition, magnesium deficiency also increases the incidence of hypocalcemia. Therefore, the calcium and magnesium content in the diet should be increased in the early perinatal period. Due to the effect of mineral antagonists, excessive intake of potassium will inhibit the absorption of magnesium, so high-quality low-potassium roughage, such as oat grass, needs to be used in the early perinatal period. Corn has low aggregation ability to potassium, and processed corn green bamboo can also be eaten. However, alfalfa, clover or other leguminous and gramineous forages have high potassium content and should be reduced. Forage before feeding, first check for mildew, frozen or mixed with other impurities, and chopped processing, can also add the right amount of microbial preparations to promote rumen peristalsis.

Adding appropriate amount of nicotinic acid: for dairy cows with ketosis or obesity, it is necessary to add appropriate amount of nicotinic acid to the feed every day, which can effectively reduce the incidence of ketosis and fatty liver in dairy cows.

Group management: first-born cows and multiborn cows are managed in groups, and group management is adopted according to the feeding, mental and physical conditions of the cows, and each group formulates a reasonable diet and feeding management plan.

Make a reasonable transfer plan. Since it takes at least 4 weeks for the first-born cow to recover in the perinatal circle after delivery, and 3 weeks for the third-born cow, 10% of the cows will give birth in advance from 280 days of pregnancy, and the calving time of twin-born cows will be even earlier. Therefore, the cows can stay in the perinatal circle for sufficient time once every turnover group, so as to better save nutrition and promote body recovery. The number of days for herd transfer is set as follows: the first cow is pregnant for 245-251 days, and the last cow is 252-258 days. Try to keep each pregnant cow in the perinatal circle for 20-21 days.

Clean and disinfect the delivery room in advance, replace clean, soft and fresh bedding, transfer the cow to the delivery room one week before delivery, strengthen the inspection of the delivery room, observe regularly and regularly, keep a record of the perinatal period of the cow, and pay attention to the changes of the vulva of the cow.

Feeding management: in the early perinatal period, it is necessary to improve the quality of dry matter in dairy cows and feed high-quality and palatable feed to improve the feed intake of dairy cows. At the same time, provide clean and sufficient drinking water. The drinking water temperature in summer is 12~18 ℃, and the drinking water temperature in winter is 15~20 ℃. The feeding density of dairy cows in the early perinatal period is less than 80%.

Environmental Management:

First, do a good job in environmental sanitation. During the perinatal period, clean up the cattle barn floor, bed, food trough and water trough every day. The sports ground also needs to be cleaned and disinfected. After the prenatal 1 turnover to the delivery room, wipe the vulva and hindquarters of the cow with 2% lysum water every day, and wipe the breast and nipple with a clean towel dipped in warm water at 45 ℃, or take a medicated bath to reduce the occurrence of mastitis in the cow.

Second, uniform pruning of the cow's tail before delivery to reduce the infection of pathogenic microorganisms.

Third, reasonably control the temperature of the cowshed, keep the cowshed at 16~20 ℃, and do a good job of heatstroke prevention and cooling in summer. Spraying can be used to reasonably cool down to alleviate the adverse effects of heat stress in dairy cows. 2 the key points of feeding and management in the late perinatal period after delivery, cows are weak and vulnerable to the stimulation of the external environment, and postpartum stress occurs. at the same time, newborn calves need to eat colostrum as soon as possible. It is necessary to provide high-quality feed for dairy cows in the late perinatal period, and at the same time, supplement water and calcium to promote the discharge of placenta. The breeder should strengthen the postpartum monitoring of dairy cows to minimize the occurrence of puerperal fever.

Improve the nutritional concentration of the diet: the milk production of dairy cows in the late perinatal period gradually increased until the peak of lactation, but after childbirth, the cow's physical weakness, feed intake decreased, the need to improve the nutritional concentration of dairy cows, and add the appropriate amount of rumen bypass fat to alleviate the negative balance of postpartum energy. Irrigation of a large amount of body fluid: in order to prevent postpartum hypocalcemia and placenta retention, cows need to be irrigated with a large amount of body fluid after calving, and mixed with vitamins, calcium elements (calcium-phosphorus ratio is 1.5: 1.0), trace elements, electrolytes and other substances to improve disease resistance of dairy cows, at the same time increase the licking of licking bricks, supplement individual differences, and supplement various trace elements lacking.

Postpartum monitoring
Pay attention to the body temperature of dairy cows: measure the body temperature of dairy cows regularly and regularly once a day for 2 consecutive weeks. If there is any abnormality, ask the veterinarian in time and take reasonable treatment plan.

Focus on cow manure: observe the shape, smell and color of cow manure every day. If there is thin, stench and gray manure, it may be rumen digestion disorder, and the dosage of concentrate should be reduced. Pay attention to the lactation of dairy cows: record the milk yield, milk color and concentration of dairy cows every day, and observe whether the cow's udder and nipple are damaged to avoid puerperal fever.

Pay attention to the discharge of placenta in dairy cows: observe the discharge of lochia and placenta in dairy cows every day after delivery. After the discharge of lochia, wipe the tail root, vulva and hind limbs with 2% lyso water. If there is no afterbirth 12h, it is diagnosed as afterbirth, and treatment measures are needed. Milking management Before milking, do a good job of cleaning and disinfection. Whether it is manual or mechanical milking, milking utensils should be disinfected to reduce cross-infection mastitis in cows. The first cow must be milked. The first cow must be milked, otherwise it will cause pain and swelling of the cow's udder, induce acute or subacute mastitis, not only reduce milk production and milk quality, the cow can not get enough rest. Reasonable control of milking times. Except for cows with dystocia, high parity and poor physique, the rest are milked 3 times a day.

Group management: the first-born cow is more vulnerable to the stimulation of the external environment due to the first childbirth and lactation. If the cow is small, it is easy to be bullied by other cows. Therefore, the first-born cow must be managed in groups with the delivery cow after childbirth.

Feeding management: in order to promote lactation of dairy cows in the late perinatal period, dairy cow concentrate can be replaced with lactation, and the amount of concentrate should be reasonably added according to the degree of breast swelling and postpartum appetite of dairy cows. Roughage can continue to use high-quality forage in the early perinatal period, allowing cows to feed freely. In the late perinatal period, the ratio of concentrate to crude material is 40 ∶ 60, the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is 2 ∶ 1, the content of crude protein can be increased to 17%, and the content of crude fiber is 18% ~ 20%. The feeding density of dairy cows in the late perinatal period is still less than 80%. If the dairy cows recover well in the late perinatal period, they can be directly transferred to the lactation group for feeding after the perinatal period.

Environmental Management:

First, improve the cleanliness of bed rest and reduce the probability of environmental pathogenic bacteria infection in contact with cow nipples. In the late perinatal period, cows are weak after childbirth and often stay in bed. Therefore, clean bedding needs to be replaced or added every day to ensure that the bed is clean, smooth and comfortable. After replacement, they are disinfected with disinfectant powder.

Second, clean up the afterbirth and excrement of cows in time to reduce disease infection.

The production cycle of dairy cows is mainly composed of lactation period, dry milk period, pregnancy period and perinatal period, although the proportion of perinatal period in the whole production cycle is small, but it is of decisive significance to the lactation ability and production life of dairy cows. In order to ensure the continuous high yield of dairy cows, it is necessary to do a good job in the feeding and management of dairy cows during the perinatal period, provide balanced nutrition according to the physiological state and nutritional needs of dairy cows before and after childbirth, and do a good job in grouping, feeding and environmental management, so as to lay a solid foundation for the promotion of lactation in the future.