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Nutritional Needs of Cows
Release time:
2020-10-14
According to the proportion of minerals in the animal body, the dairy cow can be divided into major elements and trace elements. More than 0.01 percent of the animal body is major elements, including calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, potassium and sulfur, while less than 0.01 percent is trace elements, including copper, iron, zinc, manganese, selenium, cobalt, iodine, fluorine, chromium, etc.
The nutritional needs of cattle mainly include maintenance needs and production needs. Maintenance needs are the needs of maintaining the normal life activities of cattle, while production needs mainly include the needs of growth, development, reproduction, milk production and weight gain. The nutrients needed to maintain the nutrition of dairy cows mainly include dry matter, energy, protein, minerals, vitamins, cellulose and water. Today I will focus on the need for minerals.
According to the proportion of minerals in the animal body, the dairy cow can be divided into major elements and trace elements. More than 0.01 percent of the animal body is major elements, including calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, potassium and sulfur, while less than 0.01 percent is trace elements, including copper, iron, zinc, manganese, selenium, cobalt, iodine, fluorine, chromium, etc.
(1) the need for calcium and phosphorus
Calcium is the most required mineral element for dairy cows, especially for lactating cows. Ninety-eight percent of the calcium in a cow's body is found in bones and teeth, and the rest is found in soft tissues and extracellular fluid. In addition to participating in the formation of bones and teeth, calcium is also involved in the excitation of muscles, the regulation of rhythmic contraction of the heart, the conduction of nerve excitation, blood coagulation and milk production. The lack of calcium leads to the decline of milk production and feed intake of dairy cows, and various skeletal symptoms appear, such as rickets of young animals, osteomalacia of adult animals, and lactosis of dairy cows (parturition paralysis).
In addition to the composition of the body's bones, phosphorus is an indispensable substance for many physiological and biochemical reactions in the body. If phosphorus is insufficient, animals suffer from rickets, adult animals suffer from osteomalacia, growth rate and feed utilization rate decrease, loss of appetite, pica, decreased milk yield, lack of estrus, abnormal estrus or repeated infertility.
Cows discharge a large amount of calcium and phosphorus from milk every day. It is common for cows to lack calcium and phosphorus due to insufficient calcium and phosphorus in the diet or low utilization rate of calcium and phosphorus. The ratio of calcium and phosphorus in the diet is usually 1~2:1. In China's "dairy cow nutritional needs and feeding standards" (2004) table listed in detail the maintenance of cows, milk, pregnant cows calcium and phosphorus needs. That is, 6 grams of calcium and 4.5 grams of phosphorus per 100kg of body weight are required for maintenance. 4.5 grams of calcium and 3 grams of phosphorus per kilogram of standard milk can meet the needs. Growing cattle need 6 grams of calcium and 4.5 grams of phosphorus per 100kg of body weight to maintain; 20 grams of calcium and 13 grams of phosphorus per kilogram of weight gain can meet the needs.
(2) the need for salt
Salt is mainly composed of sodium and chlorine. Sodium and chloride are mainly distributed in the extracellular fluid and are the main ions to maintain the external osmotic pressure, acid-base balance and metabolic activities. Cows lack of salt will produce pica, loss of appetite, decreased milk production and so on. The salt requirement accounts for 0.46 of the dry matter intake of dairy cows or 1% of the compound. Non-producing cows were calculated as 0.25 to 0.3 per cent of the dry matter intake of the diet. The amount of salt needed for dairy cows to maintain is about 3 grams per 100kg of body weight and 1.2 grams per 1kg of standard milk.
For the problem of salt supplement, the common practice of large pastures and farmers is to use licking bricks. Cattle and sheep free lick, will not cause forced supply, resulting in waste. Moreover, the use of licking bricks is safe and hygienic, saving manpower.
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