hoof diseaseIt is one of the major diseases of dairy cows, which causes greater losses in production, because hoof diseases eliminate a large number of cattle and account for a large proportion. For cattle hoof disease, the current is mainly for hoof protection,HoovesAnd clinical treatment, but my years of production experience shows that many people don't know much about hoof disease. If you want to understand hoof disease, you should first understand the concept that hoof disease is a very vague and general concept, which actually includes many diseases. If you want to do better in hoof diseases, you must first understand these diseases, and the premise of understanding these diseases is to have a general understanding of the anatomical structure of cattle hoof.

1. the characteristics of the cow's hoof shell The cow's hoof shell can protect other structures in the cow's hoof. Its chemical composition is mainly composed of amino acids keratin, very hard and resistant to acid and temperature. Neither peracetic acid nor caustic soda affected the basic physiological functions of the hoof shell when the cattle farm was disinfected with cattle. However, when the color of the bottom of the hoof turns white, it is a pink hoof in layman's terms, which indicates that the cutin of the bottom of the hoof has been eroded by ammonia. Because keratin under the action of ammonia, can be decomposed into amino acids, and then degraded into white powder, layer by layer down to peel off, and finally may develop to the bottom of the hoof dermis are leaking out. In addition, the cattle farm is muddy in summer, and the cattle stand on the particularly dirty ground. The cow's hoof shell can absorb a lot of water and finally become very soft. However, when the humidity of the air becomes smaller in autumn and winter, the moisture contained in the cow's hoof shell can be released outward, that is to say, it can be air-dried and become very hard. That's why many cattle farms7～8There are not many hoof diseases in cattle in January, and when they arrive9～10The reason why many dairy farms have broken hoofs in January. That is to say, when the cow's hoof shell is soaked by water to a certain extent, it absorbs a lot of water to make it very soft, it can be stones, foreign body chrome injury, and even puncture,The bottom of the hoof is leaking. In order to prevent this situation, in the process of protecting the hoof, the cow's hoof shell should be dehydrated and hardened, and infectious hoof disease should be prevented. Clinically, quicklime can be used, which is very hygroscopic, can harden the hoof shell, and can also kill microorganisms on the surface of the hoof, so there is a quicklime hoof bath method.The cow bath hoof has two functions, one is sterilization, and the other is to dehydrate and harden the hoof shell.

Ingredients

Benzalkonium chloride, glutaraldehyde, quaternary ammonium salt, zinc sulfate, aluminum sulfate, etc.

Method of use:

1Prevention: 2% concentration for one weekTwice

Treatment: 5% concentration twice a week, it is recommended to spray directly on the affected area.

2. Cattle with severe hoof disease,Clean the affected area, spray the original solution on the affected area,3-4 days of scab,7Most cows are healed.(The hoof bath must be used while keeping the hoof sanitary)

3、SinoeHooves can be attached to the cow hoof disease for a long time, strong adhesion, can be more effective in removing germs.

4. Replace the liquid medicine for the first time 500

2. the structure inside the hoof, the bones inside the hoof box, a hoof bone, a box bone, and half a crown bone, there are two and a half bones, the hoof joint is in the hoof box, there are three bones, that is, the three pieces mentioned above, the distal end of the crown bone, the proximal end of the hoof bone,(self-bone)It forms a complete hoof joint at the back. In the process of hoof repair, if you do not know that there are hoof joints, excessive treatment will cause joint and bone damage, and even shoulder damage. In many cattle farms, it has happened that after the calf is born, the tip of the hoof does not land on the ground and the dorsal side of the hoof lands. This is a congenital short flexor tendon, which is called contracture of flexor tendon in surgery. During the operation, the tendon is picked out, cut off with a scalpel, and the skin is sewn with up to three stitches. The whole operation process is5Minutes. After cutting the flexor tendon, the hoof is normal. But if the flexor tendon is normal, not contracture is not short, if it is broken, this is a case state. When many dairy feeders or milkers watched the cows steal the concentrate on the grass, he took the shovel and gesticulated at the cow. The cow kicked back, just on the blade of his shovel. Then the whole three flexor tendons were broken. When he finally walked, the hoof shell was facing up and the tip of the hoof was facing up. Regarding the structure of the cow's hoof, if you say it carefully, it will take a long time. There are many layers of structure in it. The innermost part is the horn leaflet, and the surface of the hoof bone is the meat leaflet. They are embedded with each other.

3. hoof disease common causes of the first to understand how can cause hoof disease. Only by understanding the cause can better prevention and treatment.

1Infectious etiology The so-called infectious etiology is generally caused by pathogenic bacteria, or after the hoof is broken, the infection is stimulated. This is called infectious hoof disease, including hoof ulcer. During the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease, the lesions of the hoof are infectious factors. There is also a disease called intertoe erosion, and the other is the most common foot rot disease, which is infected with venereal diseases. Foot rot is a purulent, putrefactive, necrotic inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the toe space. It has a specific pathogen, which is caused by necrobacillus. If there is a hole in the bottom of the hoof or erosion in the bulb of the hoof, it has nothing to do with hoof rot.

2Metabolic disorders Many cows in cattle farms have chronic swelling, redness and swelling on the crown of the hoof, but cows are not lame or limp. This kind of cow may account for a certain number in your herd. This is chronic ruminal acidosis caused by long-term swelling of the hoof crown. There is also a kind of disease, which is also caused by metabolic disorders. After the onset of the disease, cattle with their hooves crossed and their heads bowed when eating, but their forelimbs crossed and stood seriously uncrossed. They were lying on their feet and kneeling on their forelegs. This disease is a very typical disease posture caused by hoof leaf inflammation. The two forelimbs cross to stand in order to change the weight-bearing state of different fingers, because after the occurrence of lobulitis, the medial fingers of both forelimbs have problems, the onset is very serious, and the pain is very severe. If it stands crosswise, the weight of the inner finger will be reduced, and the weight of the outer finger will be increased, so that the pain can be relieved a little. The pain is really severe. It is really inconvenient and too tired to stand crosswise. Finally, it is impossible to kneel down. This is the case.

3Environmental factors There are several major aspects of environmental factors. The first is the humidity of the dairy farm. Some cattle farms are not wet in summer, but mud ponds. In summer, the temperature is high, the temperature is high, the humidity is high, and there are dung, urine, grass and sand in the mud. Finally, after a long time, the fermentation is bubbling. In more serious cases, the cow's wrist joint and hind limb joint can wade into the mud, but the mud does not fall off. The four nipples are on top of the mud, one by one. The other is how the cows stand for food. The place where the cows stand is most likely to be wet and dirty. Many of them cannot be cleaned up in time. The cows stand for food three times a day, their weight is completely pressed on their hooves, and then their excrement and urine go in. The hoof shell is very afraid of ammonia, and the hoof shell is prone to decomposition under the action of ammonia in feces and urine. The quality of some cattle farms is not good, and the quality here is the structure of the ground. According to the results of domestic and foreign investigations for so many years, the ground of the sports ground can be divided into four categories: the first category is sandy ground, which is the best, pure natural large grains of sand, the sand is relatively thick, and the thickest has1it is more than a meter thick, and it is also relatively shallow70Many centimeters, after the rain, the water permeability is very good. As long as the cow moves in the sports field, it can do hoof bath, the hoof surface is very clean, the body is also very clean. The second type of better ground structure is cow dung, which is currently advocated by dry cow dung at home and abroad, which is spread on the surface of the sports field. The third type of structure is the triple soil, of course, the triple soil than the first two, the first two are soft, the triple soil is relatively hard. The fourth category is cement or brick. The ground paved with cement or brick is the worst ground for cattle hoof. Of course, there is also an artificial ground structure. He thinks that the ash from the boiler has no bacteria and is relatively hygroscopic after calcination. However, he did not consider that there are very hard particles in it, which is not good for cattle hoof. If you want to use it to pad the playground, it is not impossible, but you have to deal with it and take a sieve to screen it. After screening, you can spread the playground, otherwise it is easy to damage the bottom of the cow's hoof. In addition, there is another place on the dairy farm that can cause the cow's hoof to deteriorate, and it is a vicious circle, which is next to the sink. The edge of the drinking water tank in the sports ground is the cement floor. Cement is very afraid of water. Cows always step on it. After stepping on it, it is easy to store water. The more water is stored, the faster the speed of trampling is, and finally it will cause stagnant water, feces and urine, which will become a very anoxic environment, because there is feces and urine fermentation. Many dairy farms have clostridial disease, anaerobic infections, such as gangrenous mastitis, and breasts turn black or even fall off. There is also the muscle of the buttocks, which is caused by anaerobic Clostridium. A lot of anaerobic bacteria are derived from the sink on the airtight fermentation of the place, there is dung and urine final fermentation. Broken cement pieces, its chemical composition is silicon carbide, very hard silicon preparation, can damage the chromium of cow's hoof, and will store water and soak, plus dung and urine, so look at the playground, next to the drinking water tank.

4, hereditary factors

Heredity is also an underlying factor in hoof disease. The deformed hoof of a cow is also called an awl rod by the people in the cattle farm. The shell of the cow's hoof is very pointed, and then it grows up in a spiral shape, and it grows towards the sky without landing. This is called a spiral toe. According to current research, it is believed that the spiral toe has a strong heredity, so some hoof diseases are related to heredity. Another genetic relationship is the color of the cow's hoof shell. The color of the cow's hoof shell is different, and its hardness is different. The red-colored hoof shell, containing red pigment is the hardest one.;Black color contains melanin is a relatively hard one;The sallow color without pigment is the least sturdy one. If you take these three hoof shells for grinding experiments, you will find that the sallow-colored hoof shell is the least strong. Therefore, there is a potential factor for cow hoof disease, that is, most of this breed is a hoof shell without pigment, so it is not very strong, which is also a potential factor for hoof disease.

Several common hoof diseases in 4.

1Foot ulcerFigure

 Corneal necrosis of the lesion, black

The cutin at the lesion becomes soft, disintegrates and loses, exposing the dermis at the base of the hoof.

Granuloma forming at the ulcer, protruding on the keratinous surface

Foot ulcer is actually the clinical veterinarian most often said the leakage of the hoof, known as the foot ulcer. This disease usually occurs at the bottom of the cow's hoof.1/3That is, the junction of the hoof and hoof ball cutin loss, dermal exposure, and then the occurrence of granulation tissue hyperplasia, and even cause a disease of deep hoof infection. This is a typical waxy hoof box. At the bottom of the hoof box, that is, the place where the hoof bottom is close to the back hoof ball, the horny layer becomes black and necrotic. The dermis inside is damaged. Bleeding can be obviously seen in the lesion of kick bottom. This typical part usually occurs in the medial toe in the front hoof, and basically occurs in the lateral toe in the back hoof. This is also a typical hoof foot ulcer, the difference between this and the above is that the upper lesion is more depressed and this one is more prominent. The treatment is relatively simple, that is, to clean the hoof and then cut off the cutin around the lesion. In short, it is like a manicure, cutting the nail very thin, so that the very thin nail will no longer oppress the sensitive parts inside. We should also have this concept when repairing cattle hooves. We should cut the tissue around the lesion very thin, exfoliate a lot, and leave very little. In the future, the lesion will be lightly compressed and will heal easily. In addition to local treatment, you can also deal with healthy toes, a cow's hoof, for example, this is the lateral toe, this is the medial toe, this is a left front hoof, if the medial toe has a problem, you can put the lateral toe(Healthy Toe)The bottom of the shoe is padded with a rubber block to raise the lateral toe. When stepping on the ground in the future, the sick medial toe will hang up without touching the ground, bearing no weight, and being in a resting state. In the future, the lesion at the sole of the medial toe will heal quickly. There is another advantage, since the suspension is the chance of being contaminated becomes smaller, if you wrap it up, it is not easy to get wet. Another situation is to put on small shoes for the side toe of the disease. After it is repaired, drugged and even bandaged, put on hoof shoes. The advantage is that the hoof shoes can contact the pollutants on the ground. Of course, this also has a disadvantage, that is, the higher the pad, the more serious and worse the load, so if you put the sick toe on high-heeled hoof shoes, the healthy toe should also be padded with something, otherwise the load will be unbalanced. It is a pity that hoof shoes and rubber pads are generally thick. In fact, the thick part of the healthy toe is better, which is more powerful.

2Skin proliferation between hoof and toe

The skin proliferation between the hoof and toe is a kind of hyperplasia, refers(Toe)Abnormal proliferation of interstitial skin means that a tongue-shaped thing grows between the toes. This thing is also called interdigital tumor, interdigital fibroma, interdigital hyperplasia, etc. In fact, this hyperplasia is skin hyperplasia. We have done pathological sections. It has all levels of skin, from epidermis, dermis to reticular layer. In fact, each layer is thicker than normal skin, so give it a name called toe skin proliferation. This proliferation first grows between the toes, and the second is skin proliferation, which is nothing else and has nothing to do with tumors. The skin is divided into epidermis and dermis. The stratum corneum is located in the epidermis of the skin. Below the stratum corneum there are transparent layer, granular layer and muscle cell layer. Below the dermis there are papillary layer and reticular layer. Basically, there are nine levels of skin from the outside to the innermost skin. The leather shoes we wear are actually one of the nine levels of skin. The reticular layer of dermis is very strong and contains many fibers, including collagen fibers and elastic fibers. The protuberance of skin proliferation between toes will grow and grow downward, and one day it will contact the ground. Therefore, every time you take a step and look at the ground, it will rub against the ground, bleed and infect. One method of treatment is corrosion. Many cattle veterinarians use potassium permanganate, some use copper sulfate, and some use a stove to burn a soldering iron and burn it. Treat the old cow in this way, the hot cow jumps in the shelf, and the necrotic tissue caused by the hot skin is many, which cannot be healed and needs many local treatments, so I suggest not to use this method. The other is the surgical method, which is well maintained and local anesthetic. Cut off the skin proliferation and put a hemostatic bag on it before cutting.3The worse the sanitary conditions of hoof disease, the higher the incidence of hoof disease. This hoof disease is called oily dermatitis, which grows on the dorsal side of hoof and is also the part of toe gap. Many hoof diseases occur in this part, so the problem of toe gap is emphasized. This kind of lesion occupies a large area and is very large in volume. It is characterized by oily growth, surface like cauliflower, small pimples one by one, and some long-growing filamentous. In fact, this disease is a tumor, a dermal tumor, and the epidermis is basically shedding. Any veterinarian who has dealt with this kind of lesion has a body. If you touch it slightly, there will be two reactions, the focus area was bleeding and very painful. Because the blood vessels and nerves in the dermis are very rich, they are broken at the slightest touch, bleeding a lot, and then the pain is very serious. Look at the following case. This one is on the back side of the toe gap. This one is even bigger. This kind of disease is more common in cattle farms with dirty, poor sanitary conditions and humid environment, which shows that it is related to bad stimulation. Not only does hoof disease occur, but also the skin has this kind of tumor, and the cutin of hoof is also eroded very badly, which shows that the environment is very poor. There is only one treatment method, that is, surgical resection. I don't want everyone to get a big soldering iron. It is really“Live Roast”. The effect of surgical removal of proliferators is still good. We have performed a series of operations in Beijing, Hebei and Tianjin, and the recurrence rate is very low, basically no recurrence.4Interdigital dermatitis Interdigital dermatitis is an acute or chronic inflammation. It infringes on the skin between the toes, but it does not infringe on the skin tissue. This is different from foot rot. Foot rot is more severe. The skin between the toes falls off and is corrupt. The subcutaneous tissue is also bad and suppurative. This will not infringe so deeply, but there is a problem with the epidermis. However, after the epidermis is damaged, the epidermis falls off and the dermis is also very painful. It is now believed that this is a hoof disease caused by the joint action of nodular bacilli and spirochetes. Treatment because there are specific pathogens, the best use of bactericidal drugs(astringent). general use5%The formaldehyde solution first soak hooves to kill nodular bacilli and spirochetes, and then bandage it up with a bandage. Oxytetracycline, copper sulfate and sulfamethazine can be used. Of course, you can also put on shoes.